水田机械式强制排肥装置设计与试验

目前水田机械施肥均匀性差，且作业时在施肥开沟器末端容易出现肥料粘结、架空、堵塞开沟器等现象。针对以上问题，本文设计了一种水田机械式强制排肥装置，并对其关键部件进行了结构设计及性能试验。将水田机械式强制排肥部件的工作过程分为3个阶段，通过运动学和动力学研究方法分析了各工作阶段肥料在螺旋强制排肥部件内的状态，以及影响排肥部件工作性能的关键因素，对螺旋强制排肥部件的直径、转速、螺距3个因素进行了设计计算。以排肥均匀性变异系数为响应指标，进行了螺旋强制排肥部件的单因素台架试验，通过对最小显著性差异进行统计分析，确定了各因素的取值范围；安排了二次正交旋转组合试验，并对试验结果进行了方差分析和响应面分析，确定了影响排肥性能指标因素的影响由大到小为转速、螺距、直径，建立了排肥性能指标与各因素之间的回归方程，运用Design-Expert软件对试验因素优化求解，确定了较优工作参数组合为螺旋输送器转速120.09r/min、直径23.90mm、螺距21.54mm，此时施肥装置台架试验的排肥均匀性变异系数为7.18%。将所设计的强制排肥部件分别安装在水稻插秧机及水稻气力式施肥播种机上，进行了田间验证试验，试验结果表明，机械式强制螺旋排肥装置工作稳定、堵塞率低，水田防堵塞效果优于无该部件的施肥机械。     

Soybean molasses as an organic carbon source in the farming of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) in a biofloc system

Soybean molasses was evaluated as a partial replacement for sugarcane molasses as a carbon source for biofloc development in the superintensive culture of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). A 50‐day study was conducted with juvenile (3.2 g) shrimp stocked in 16 800 L tanks at a stocking density of 250 shrimp m^?3. Control of total ammonia concentration was performed by the addition of combined mixtures of soybean and sugarcane molasses to the culture water. Three different molasses treatments were evaluated using different soybean‐to‐sugarcane molasses ratios: 15–85%, 38–62% and 60–40% respectively. The control group was treated only with sugarcane molasses. Water quality, chlorophyll a concentration, heterotrophic bacterial load, Vibrio spp. concentration and zootechnical indexes were all evaluated. Total ammonia concentration was controlled by heterotrophic and chemotrophic pathways. Biofloc formation, as quantified by measuring the total suspended solids, was not altered. The Vibrio spp. concentration showed a significant reduction in treatments with soybean‐to‐sugarcane molasses ratios of 38–62% and 60–40%. All combined mixtures of soybean and sugarcane molasses could maintain water quality and productivity in the superintensive culture of L. vannamei using the biofloc system. Thus, the potential use of a residue from agroindustry as a carbon source in a biofloc culture is demonstrated.     

土壤有机碳对沼渣或牛粪施用后温室气体排放潜力的影响—盆栽试验结果

A change in the European Union energy policy has markedly promoted the expansion of biogas production.Consequently,large amounts of nutrient-rich residues are being used as organic fertilizers.In this study,a pot experiment was conducted to simulate the high-risk situation of enhanced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions following organic fertilizer application in energy maize cultivation.We hypothesized that cattle slurry application enhanced CO2 and N2O fluxes compared to biogas digestate because of the overall higher carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) input,and that higher levels of CO2 and N2O emissions could be expected by increasing soil organic C (SOC) and N contents.Biogas digestate and cattle slurry,at a rate of 150 kg NH4+-N ha-1,were incorporated into 3 soil types with low,medium,and high SOC contents (Cambisol,Mollic Gleysol,and Sapric Histosol,termed Clow,Cmedium,and Chigh,respectively).The GHG exchange (CO2,CH4,and N2O) was measured on 5 replicates over a period of 22 d using the closed chamber technique.The application of cattle slurry resulted in significantly higher CO2 and N2O fluxes compared to the application of biogas digestate.No differences were observed in CH4 exchange,which was close to zero for all treatments.Significantly higher CO2 emissions were observed in Chigh compared to the other two soil types,whereas the highest N2O emissions were observed in Cmedium.Thus,the results demonstrate the importance of soil type-adapted fertilization with respect to changing soil physical and environmental conditions.     

Marker‐assisted parentage analysis reveals high individual selfing rates in tetraploid red clover genotypes selected for seed yield

Seed yield is a major breeding target in tetraploid red clover. We investigated if marker‐assisted parentage analysis can identify progeny plants with two high seed‐yielding parents in tetraploid red clover and if this technique is more advantageous than traditional half‐sib selection. Parentage analysis was successfully performed on the progeny from the 10% highest seed‐yielding genotypes from a second‐cycle family selection trial: 16.0% of progeny were identified with a high seed‐yielding father. However, progeny plants with two high seed‐yielding parents did not produce more seeds than traditionally selected progeny (27.3 g vs. 30.7 g/plant, respectively). The 10% highest seed‐yielding genotypes displayed on average 2% self‐fertilization. Four genotypes were self‐fertile with individual selfing rates up to 20%. Our results discourage the use of marker‐assisted parentage analysis to improve seed yield in tetraploid red clover when the material has been preselected for seed yield. Breeders should be aware that intensive selection for seed yield in tetraploid red clover may inadvertently lead to selection for increased self‐fertility, which may increase inbreeding in the long term.     

One-time fertilization at first flowering improves lint yield and dry matter partitioning in late planted short-season cotton

Cotton producers have substantially reduced their inputs(labor, nutrients, and management) mainly by adopting a shortseason cropping management that is characterized by late sowing, high density, and reduced fertilization with one-time application at the first bloom stage without lint yield reduction. However, it has been hypothesized that one-time fertilization at an earlier growth stage could be a more effective and economic management practice. A two-year field experiment was conducted by applying five fertilizer one-time fertilization at 0(FT1), 5(FT2), 10(FT3), 15(FT4), and 20(FT5) days after the first flower appeared in the field and one three-split fertilizer application taken as the conventional control(FT6), making six treatments altogether. Cotton growth period, biomass accumulation, yield, and its formation were quantified. The results showed that the one-time fertilization did not affect the cotton growth progress as compared to FT6, however, the total crop cycles for FT3–FT5 were 3 days shorter. FT1 produced the highest cotton lint yield(1 396 kg ha–1), which was similar to the FT6 but higher than the other treatments, and could be attributed to more bolls per unit area and higher lint percentage. Cotton yield was positively correlated with cotton plant biomass accumulated. FT1 had both the highest average(VT)(193.7 kg ha–1 d–1) and the highest maximum(VM)(220.9 kg ha–1 d–1) rates during the fast biomass accumulation period. These results suggest that one-time fertilizer application at the first flower stage might be an adjustment that is more effective than at first bloom, and allowed for easier decision making for application date due to non counting of plants with flowers is needed.     

长期施肥对红壤性水稻土不同土层活性有机质及碳库管理指数的影响

【目的】研究基于长期定位试验,探索长期不同施肥下红壤性水稻土不同土层活性有机质（labile organic matter (LOM)）和碳库管理指数（carbon pool management index,CPMI）变化特征,为红壤性水稻土碳库的合理管理提供依据。【方法】选取进贤红壤长期定位试验站4个典型施肥处理：（1）不施肥（CK）;（2）单施化肥（NPK）;（3）在NPK的基础上早稻施绿肥,晚稻施猪粪和稻草冬季还田（NPKSM）;（4）在NPK的基础上早稻施绿肥,稻草冬季还田（NPKS）,测定并分析0—10、10—20、20—40及40—60 cm土层土壤高活性有机质（HLOM）、中活性有机质（MLOM）、低活性有机质（LLOM）、非活性有机质（NLOM）含量以及CPMI变化特征。【结果】不同处理土壤有机质（SOM）含量均随土层加深而降低,施肥处理相对CK均明显提高了不同土层的SOM;在0—20 cm土层,SOM含量表现为NPKSM>NPKS>NPK>CK,且均以NPKSM处理最高,达到43.47 g·kg ^-1（10—20 cm）和45.09 g·kg ^-1（0—10 cm）;在20—60 cm土层,NPKSM和NPKS处理相较于CK显著提高了土壤有机质含量,但两者之间差异不显著。除NPK处理外,各处理土壤可溶性有机碳（DOC）含量随土层的加深显著降低。NPKSM和NPKS处理相较于NPK和CK,显著提高了耕层（0—20 cm）土壤DOC的含量,其中NPKSM处理最高,为35.93 mg·kg ^-1。施肥处理比CK处理提高了土壤HLOM、MLOM、LLOM含量,相同处理相同土层表现为LLOM>MLOM>HLOM,其中NPKSM和NPKS显著提高了各LOM组分含量,且随土层的加深无明显犁底层效应,这可能与活性有机质随水分下渗相关。其中,各施肥处理土壤HLOM、MLOM均随土层加深呈先升高后下降趋势,NPKSM和NPKS处理HLOM含量在20—40 cm土层中达到最高,分别为5.31和5.49 g·kg ^-1;各处理MLOM均在10—20 cm土层中达到最高,以NPKSM处理含量最高,为10.62 g·kg ^-1;而土壤LLOM含量随土层的加深而逐渐降低,在0—20 cm土层中以NPKSM处理含量最高,达到18.52 g·kg ^-1（0—10 cm）和15.93 g·kg ^-1（10—20 cm）。不同长期施肥处理提高了土壤各LOM组分的比例及碳库管理指数,在0—10 cm表层土中,NPKS和NPKSM处理相较于CK,总活性有机质比例分别提高了27.9%和29.48%,MLOM占比分别提高了7.21%和7.72%,HLOM占比分别提高了5.10%和4.96%。以不施肥处理为参照,各施肥处理碳库管理指数均大于100,且以NPKSM和NPKS处理提高效果最好,有助于提高红壤性水稻土肥力。相较于CK,单施化肥一定程度上提高了表层土壤有机质、活性有机质、可溶性有机碳及碳库管理指数。耕层（0—20 cm）土壤中3种活性有机质两两之间呈极显著正相关关系（P≤0.01）,且与总有机质、全氮、可溶性有机碳及水稻产量均呈现显著正相关（P≤0.05）。【结论】不同施肥处理土壤有机质和低活性有机质均随土层加深而降低。NPKSM处理提高土壤有机质及活性有机质含量的效果最佳,并能显著提高0—20 cm土层土壤高活性有机质和碳库管理指数,NPKS次之;而在20—60 cm土层中,NPKS处理对提高中活性有机质和碳库管理指数效果最明显。     

氮磷钾钙配施对望天树幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

探讨不同N、P、K、Ca配施处理对望天树幼苗生长及生理特性的影响，并根据其生长及生理表现筛选适宜的配施处理，旨在为望天树壮苗培育提供参考依据。以1年生望天树幼苗为试验材料，采用L16(4⁴)正交试验设计方法。结果表明，不同配施处理对望天树幼苗生长及生理指标影响达到极显著差异水平（P<0.01），生长表现最优处理是N₂P₂K₄Ca₁和N₃P₄K₂Ca₁，生理指标表现最优处理是N₃P₂K₁Ca₂和N₃P₄K₂Ca₁。相关性分析表明望天树苗高与叶片叶绿素、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量等生理指标呈极显著正相关，与丙二醛含量呈极显著负相关，地径仅与叶绿素含量呈显著正相关关系。处理7(100 mg N+20 mg P+80 mg K)、处理12（200 mg N+40 mg P+20 mg K）对望天树幼苗生长的促进作用最大，处理11（200 mg N+20 mg P+50 mg Ca）和处理12（200 mg N+40 mg P+20 mg K）配施下生理特性指标表现最好；N是望天树幼苗生长的必须因子，P和K对促进苗木地径生长作用显著，适量Ca有助于提高望天树幼苗生理活性，超过100 mg则导致生理胁迫。     

桑叶养猪实用技术

桑叶养猪实用技术分为桑树种植技术和桑叶干粉发酵养猪技术两个部分。利用荒地种植桑树,降低生猪养殖饲养成本,桑叶养猪种养结合,成为生态农业典范。桑叶干粉发酵技术,提高了桑叶干粉的可消化率和饲料功能。桑叶干粉发酵料占配方6%~10%,做成桑叶猪饲料,替代3%~5%鱼粉、豆粕等蛋白质饲料,节约了饲料成本。桑叶喂养猪(简称桑叶猪,下同)的猪肉中含有肌苷酸等风味物质,显著提高猪肉胴体品质和猪肉风味。设计猪尿处理,采用红泥膜沼气池降解工程工艺应用后,降解水兑2倍清水对桑树喷灌工艺,减少人工处理劳力和成本费用。设计10%抗非洲猪瘟中药饲料添加剂+桑叶饲料,预期防治非洲猪瘟总效果85%以上。桑叶养猪实用技术可行,供同行参考。     

徐光启农书所载肥料与施肥技术研究

徐光启所著《农政全书》《徐光启手迹》二书中包含了大量有关肥料与施肥技术的内容,其中既有徐氏对明以前农书中提及的肥料技术经验的吸收,也有徐光启本人在前人基础上亲身实验得出的新的成果与感悟。从内容上看,与前代相比,徐氏书中所载的明代肥料种类有了很大增加,肥料主要成分也发生了明显变化。徐氏所总结的明代施肥技术具有因地制宜使用肥料、根据作物选择不同肥料、注意施肥适量、基肥与追肥搭配施肥等特点。     

农户过量施用化肥行为的影响因素分析——以新疆棉花种植户为例

过度施用化肥带来的负外部性使棉区土壤面临着棉花增产和保护生态环境的双重挑战。本文在棉花生产的决策主体农户尺度上,利用对新疆重点植棉地区实地问卷调查所得数据,定量化研究了新疆棉农过度施用化肥程度,并通过经济计量模型分析了导致农户过量施用化肥的主要因素。研究结果表明,新疆棉花种植农户的化肥施用量(折纯量)平均达到610.20 kg·hm~(-2),过量施用率占到实际施用量的59.6%。导致农户过量施用化肥的主要因素是缺乏科学施肥培训和避免收入损失的盲目性。研究结果在农户行为学方面做了有益的科学探讨,并为科学引导农户合理施肥提供了科学依据。